How Tattooing Is Well As The Modern Techniques Of Tattooing

PROCESS OF TATTOOING This essay will explore the history of tattooing as well as the modern techniques of tattooing. 5 types of tattoos: †¢Medical tattoos †¢Traumatic tattoos †¢Professional tattoos †¢Cosmetic tattoos †¢Amateur tattoos Have you ever wondered why you have heard of tattoos hurting or experienced the tattoo process? Have you ever wondered how or why tattooing began? Well in this essay I hope to get you these answers and more. My Reasoning After 11 years as a Tattoo Artist I decided to figure out when tattooing first started and the first tattooing process. I want to talk about the approximate time tattooing started and the process during that time up until the present process. After graduating high school, I felt I should take up a trade that was becoming a trend. I knew I was a quick learner and I also knew I was extremely interested in art. Tattooing has been something that has been in my life since the age of 16 and from there on I was hooked. I have learned many tricks of this trade and have mastered few. I loved every minute of my learning process of tattooing, even the mistakes that were made. The process was intriguing to me mostly because I was into blood, gore, pain and art. In selecting this particular trade I have been influenced by the way the process was carried out. I was particularly looking forward to learning how the ink is transferred to the skin. HISTORY OF TATTOOING Tattooing began roughly over 5000 years ago and it’s as diverse as the peopleShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech On Tattoos1286 Words   |  6 Pages Tattooing is a body modification practice used for centuries across the globe. Because of the multiple origins of tattoos, there are several techniques and countless styles. Every tattoo is unique in meaning to the person that receives it, though often they can fit into generalized categories. Tattoos have fallen in and out of popularity over the course of history, though they have never and most likely will never disappear. II. Specific Purpose and Need to Know: According to WrittenRead More Stigma of Tattoos in Modern Times Essay1906 Words   |  8 PagesModern Times Stigma: As a tattooed person, I can attest that stigma and prejudice are still alive and well in the new millennium, even in a liberal outpost like Massachusetts. Whether its a stare, look, comment or something more serious, like denial of service or hassling from law enforcement, cultural stigma is still a factor for those seeking tattoos. Much of this is clearly rooted in the history of tattooing in the U.S. (see below) but there are other possible sources for these attitudesRead MoreTattoos And Its Effect On Society Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pagesreasons why it can not be appreciated as for how it should be. 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In 1875 there had yet to be a use for this newRead MoreSamoan Tataus and My Culture1875 Words   |  8 Pages and the word tatau originates from the tapping sounds of the tool made during tattooing† (U.S National Park). The origins of the Samoan tatau have been passed down orally through legends and songs, back in the olden days. According to legend, the Samoan Tatau was introduced to the Samoa Islands by two Siamese twin sisters, Taema and Tilafaiga traveling back from Fiji transporting a basket with them full of tattooing tools. â€Å"The sisters in this story were actually demigods,† (Lei’a’Arp, Lillian)Read More Tattoos, Body Piercings, and Other Body Modifications Essay2748 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"The colors and pictures we apply to our skin communicate our values and aspirations as well as our hopes and persona l histories. Even when we adopt the â€Å"natural look† and dont adorn our skin at all, we are making a social statement. Our skin talks even when we dont; it is not a neutral canvas.† (Jablonski, 164) We as a species are obsessed with our appearance and are equally preoccupied with altering it to our own varied desires. Each person wants nothing less than perfection, but each hasRead MorePsychology of a Tattoo2298 Words   |  10 Pagesdone too deeply, into the Subcutaneous layer they often loose clarity as the inner layers also don’t hold the ink, absorbing it instead of shedding it off. Once the ink reaches the Dermis the bond it makes is permanent. Here are some examples of how permanent a Tattoo really is. In 1991, a five thousand year old tattooed man, an â€Å"Ice man† made the headlines of newspapers all over the world when his frozen body was discovered on a mountain between Austria and Italy. To this day a betterRead MoreContraband in Prison3832 Words   |  16 Pagesbasic human needs. Inmates have become some of the most notoriously ingenious visionaries in the modern world. From smuggling components into a facility to creating weapons made from paper, these individuals are constantly finding new ways to exploit the system to their benefit. Though there is seemingly an infinite amount of different types of contraband, the most commonplace items seized are drugs, tattooing equipment, electronics, and weapons. Contraband, as defined by US Legal, refers to propertyRead MoreEssay about Film Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema1365 Words   |  6 PagesFilm Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema High heels click on wet pavement, shady detectives stand in the shadows, shots ring out through the cold, dark city night-just another moment in film noir. These seedy, almost underground films are considered to be some of the best and most influential pictures in the history of Hollywood by anyones standards, most certainly some of the darkest. 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Religion And Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, And...

Religion serves many purposes in life for all individuals including the need of one to explain the world through factors relating to solace, emotional behaviors and healing; a community’s social cohesion and control through rituals; as well as economic adaptation of various sects. Consequently, since the onset of life on earth and the evolution of religion, dietary practices often correlate with various religious practices. Many religious customs and laws extend from the early apprehensions involved with economic needs as well as health and safety regarding the consumption of certain foods or liquids. These issues resulted from the lack of preservation and purification techniques for foods and liquids and the concern of the scholars, usually the religious, in connection to health promotion, disease prevention, and illness (Waibel, n.d.). However, the views of the past diminish with the advent of electricity and our understanding of new and evolving preservative methods. Moreover, many religious sects associate dietary and food preparation practices with rituals involving aspects of their faith that are now long standing practices from their past history. These practices include venues such as abstinence and fasting. Abstinence, which prohibits individuals from consuming certain foods or drinks, takes many forms such as totally restricting the consumption of specific items to limiting the consumption these foods and drinks to certain holy days, while still other religiousShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nurses Promoting Mental Health1102 Words   |  5 PagesPromoting Mental Health Introduction The World Health Organization defines health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† and that the â€Å"enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.† (World Health Organization. 2006) As nurses, health and health promotion are fundamentalRead MoreThe American Nurses Association ( Ana ) And The Health Ministries Association Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The American Nurses Association (ANA) and the Health Ministries Association (HMA) have described Faith Community Nursing (FCN) as a form of a specialized nursing practice carried out by a nurse within a faith community (American Nurses Association Health Ministries Association, 2012). 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Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay Free Essays

string(83) " continuity enabling schools to guarantee acquisition is taking topographic point\." The appraisal of students ‘ advancement has been modified slightly since it was introduced by Black ‘s ( 1987 ) study with the National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing ; which was set up as portion of the readyings of what became the 1988 Education Reform Act. The act brought in the appraisal agreements for the terminal of the 4 cardinal phases, at the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16 severally. It was decided that merely the nucleus topics of the national course of study should be assessed at the first cardinal phase and ‘at subsequent key phases it should be in all the foundation topics ( the nucleus subjects plus art, geographics, history, music, physical instruction, engineering, a modern foreign linguistic communication at the last two phases, and Welsh in non-Welsh speech production schools in Wales ) p. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 40. Kyriacou ( 2007 ) provinces, the debut of the National Curriculum in 1989 were coupled with associated processs for supervising students ‘ advancement affecting the usage of centrally produced trials. These trials so gave an indicant of both students ‘ public presentation and that of the schools nationally. The course of study was so looked at once more in 1993 by the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority ‘s president Sir Ron Dearing, who was asked to ‘†¦review the course of study with a position to ‘slimming down ‘ the course of study, simplifying its appraisal arrangements†¦ ‘ p.45 The 1997 Education Act saw the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority replaced by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) which is still in topographic point today. The appraisal of larning at the terminal of KS 1,2 and 3 is now a combination of instructor appraisals and terminal of cardinal phase standardized national trials, SATs, although in 2009 the terminal of KS3 trials were abolished ; and scientific discipline at KS2 is merely to being used in some pilot schools for 2010. In 2005 the Labour Government ‘s Schools White Paper committed support for every kid in giving them personalised instruction and acquisition ; by seting kids and their demands foremost, giving support to do good advancement and go forthing no kid left behind in their instruction. This study will look at the modern-day issues of Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) and its new spouse ; Assessing Pupils ‘ Progress ( APP ) and their usage within the constitution ( primary school ) and how or whether it has impacted on the manner appraisal is carried out across the board. Why Assess? Appraisal is highly of import as it shows how students are come oning and carried out with thorough processs can be of important value to instructors and the students they teach. It checks that larning has taken topographic point. There are many different methods of appraisals these include ; treatments, questionnaires, tests, presentations, function drama, observations, written work, practical work and inquiring. Using appraisals can assist instructors and scholars reflect on their pattern and how their scholars are larning. Assessment helps instructors make up one’s mind how they teach, utilizing different learning methods to guarantee that all scholars are proactive. Cowley ( 2004 ) stated that good appraisal would assist the instructor proctor the scholars ‘ advancement and program for future instruction and acquisition. Assessment encourages scholars ‘ motive and they can have feedback ( both instructor and equal ) on their advancement. Teachers ‘ can utilize a scope of assessment methods to look into students ‘ advancement. Obviously appraisal does non come easy, instructors ‘ work load can be increased greatly ; both when transporting out the appraisals and so holding to tag them. There can be unneeded force per unit area put on to the scholars ‘ , and sometimes when measuring a scholar it depends how they are experiencing at the point of appraisal on how good they do. In 2006 the new Primary National Strategy for literacy and mathematics gave two chief intents of appraisal, summational appraisal of acquisition and formative appraisal for acquisition ; which the new model aimed to cover. This scheme gave instructors counsel on facets of appraisal for larning which was linked straight with counsel on planning and gave a broader and stronger pedagogic attack. Appraisal for Learning ( AfL ) Scheme Harmonizing to the Assessment Reform Group ( 2002 ) , ‘Assessment for acquisition is the procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one’s mind where the scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place ‘ . AfL has been used for a figure of old ages and has given instructors ‘ ways in which themselves and students can utilize assessment activities to derive a clearer apprehension of the acquisition that has taken topographic point to day of the month and how students ‘ hereafter acquisition can outdo advancement ( Gardner, 2006 ) . AfL is closely linked to the authorities ‘s Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) where every kid should be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, do a positive part and accomplish societal and economical wellbeing ; and personalised acquisition, both ethos ‘ have featured to a great extent within a scope of DCSF policies throughout the last decennary. The purposes of the AfL scheme are clear ; they should embrace every kid, instructor, school and parent/carer so that every kid knows how they are making. Every instructor is able to do judgements on students ‘ attainment, advancement and how to send on program when students are non carry throughing their possible. Every school should hold good placed structured and regular appraisals and tracking schemes in topographic point and every parent and carer should cognize how their kid is come oning and when they need to better ; they can assist back up their kid and the instructor. The benefits of AfL is its powerful manner of raising students ‘ accomplishment, if students ‘ understand how they learn, where they have spreads in their acquisition and how they can shut these spreads so it will hold a positive consequence on every kid. Harmonizing to the authorities, good appraisal for larning makes: accurate, carnival, dependable, utile, and focused continuity enabling schools to guarantee acquisition is taking topographic point. You read "Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Therefore instructors, schools and parents and carers all need to cognize where their kids are now, where they need to be and what they are required to make to acquire at that place. The four elements for AfL so are aims, oppugning, unwritten and written feedback and ego and peer appraisal. The aims are met by utilizing oppugning in order to look into scholars ‘ have achieved aims, equal and self appraisal helps scholars to recognize what successful work looks like and the instructor shows good unwritten feedback so that scholars ‘ develop their ain accomplishments in this country, giving them clip to reflect on their acquisition and taking ownership of their work. Measuring Pupils Progress – What is APP? Measuring Pupils Progress, otherwise known as APP was originally piloted by 104 schools in 12 local governments utilizing, ab initio, Key Stage 2, as a new structured attack to teacher appraisal for doing judgements on students reading, composing and mathematics. Developed by the QCA in concurrence with the National Strategies, get downing in fall 2006 with recommendations reported in 2008/09. It has since been adopted as the manner to officially measure students within schools throughout the state, to assist instructors measure their students as more of a forensic attack, to run aboard Assessment for larning ( AfL ) . Harmonizing to the QCA it helps instructors to polish their apprehension of scholars ‘ demands and to orient their planning and learning consequently. The QCA has provided APP stuffs for instructors to implement the attack and with these guidelines instructors are able to set up where students are within the National Curriculum degrees. Hence one Year 5 instructor stated, ‘APP has helped me to go more cognizant of the appraisal opportunities that exist and more secure in measuring students ‘ degrees of attainment ‘ . When APP was introduced there were steps given to schools to assist implement the system and possible early theoretical accounts were advised demoing the benefits and more significantly their restrictions of usage. For illustration, one option was to place a whole school sample, for case all pupils antecedently assessed at a peculiar degree, the benefits of this would be a clear focal point, ab initio little graduated table and hence manageable, nevertheless this would non be implemented with a whole category and other degrees may non be covered. The affectional usage of APP was besides shown to supply information for tracking students ‘ advancement in item, placing barriers to achievement and to guarantee outlooks were linked to the national schemes. The APP stuffs for instructors to utilize include a enchiridion to assist implement the attack, give guidelines for measuring students ‘ work, supplying a simple format for entering the appraisal standards and focal points for appraisal within the specific topic. There are besides standard files which hold students ‘ work, which have been annotated, so that instructors become consistent in their judgements sing national course of study degrees, these files show different degrees of attainment. Assessment Focus ( AF ) grids are provided to demo how focal points are used, for illustration in reading appraisal AF3 shows that the student should be able to ‘deduce, deduce or construe information, events or thoughts from texts ‘ . In utilizing APP it was hoped that instructors ‘ would go more informed on how their scholars ‘ are come oning and that they would hold a aggregation of appraisal accomplishments in order to do good judgements in the schoolroom. Harmonizing to the AfL and APP clip line instructors in KS2 should be get downing to utilize the APP procedure so they can do periodic appraisals of all kids by fall 2009. The clip line for the execution of APP started in summer 2008 when school and capable leading were expected to make a ego – rating of AfL and APP in preparedness of its execution and to see what degree of support was required. This so moved to them having preparation in the usage of APP by fall 2008 and to hold developed the procedure of standardization in school with a average term go oning professional development ( CPD ) program to guarantee that whole school development of AfL and APP where in topographic point and that instructors would get down to utilize the APP stuffs. By spring 2009, instructors in KS2 should get down utilizing the APP procedure and others were doing effectual usage of the Primary Framework and assessment information to better their planning for patterned advance ; in fall 2009 it was expected that KS2 instructors were utilizing the APP procedure to do periodic appraisals for all kids. APP appraisals were more likely to hold truth when a scope of grounds is collected by instructors from each kid that has been chosen, both written and unwritten grounds would profit the procedure and periodic reappraisal of their work should be collected and merely those with important grounds demand be used. The usage and impact of AfL and APP within the scene AfL has been used since it was foremost introduced and the school has now taken the APP attack on board since the fall term 2009 as a new attack to measuring. The schools appraisal policy is undergoing alteration at the present clip so as to integrate the new appraisal schemes. Derbyshire County Council provided of import support preparation for caput instructors in 2008 demoing a power point presentation which included doing links within AfL and APP, demoing APP in action within numeracy and literacy and stoping with a reappraisal and appropriate action planning. This session provided counsel and advice about implementing APP and to back up an apprehension of APP. At this point the APP scheme was extremely recommended but non statutory. The preparation included the advancement docket of APP, demoing the patterned advance marks as 2 degrees advancement, the doing good advancement pilot strategy, AfL utilizing APP standards, patterned advance tutoring and individual degree proving. It besides applied the beef uping for formative appraisal, concentrating on each scholar ‘s acquisition, accelerated rates of accomplishment ( concentrating particularly on those at hazard of underperforming ) and assisting to clear up the acquisition journey. The National Strategies model informations where shown to assist with thoughts of how to bring forth a criterions file. An first-class illustration for Ma2 Number at degrees 3 and 4 showed how the usage of different coloring material highlighters for each term were used demoing when a specific degree was low, secure or high and annotated in the countries where it was felt there was either more work to be done or how far they were away achieving the degree. In the school it has enhanced instructors ‘ apprehension of inquiring whether the larning aims they ask of the kids are relevant to them, do they understand what they are supposed to accomplish by the terminal of the lesson and is it in kid friendly linguistic communication? There has to be meaningful duologue between the instructor and scholar with respect to the larning nonsubjective otherwise the scholar will withdraw and non be able to come on with what they are supposed to larn, this has been monitored throughout the scene. The appraisal focuses that were discussed were reading, composing, utilizing and using, figure, form, infinite and steps ; and managing informations. The National Strategies AF grid was introduced and this lead to the school bring forthing accessible degrees for reading, composing and numeracy from degree 1to degree 5, so instructors could mention to each with a position to associating the degrees and appraisal demands as applicable. The APP procedure started in earnest in fall 2009 ; when samples of scholars ( 6 ) were chosen from each twelvemonth group. Each term instructors review the full scope of grounds ( written, spoken and observed ) for each appraisal focal point. They select the appropriate degree boundary and arrive at judgements utilizing the assessment guidelines sheet ; they annotate illustrations of scholars work as mention points and benchmarks. After making this in-school standardization and moderateness is carried out with co-workers. The deductions of APP within the school have helped with the professional development of instructors ; it has had an impact on capable cognition, the course of study and teaching method, it has given instructors the ability to feedback to scholars and their parents/carers so that they can see where they have progressed or how they need to come on farther. It has helped instructors to do good judgements sing their scholars and how to guarantee that they progress wit hin the course of study overall, it has helped them to distinguish scholars ‘ advancement so they can orient lessons suitably. APP has enabled better monitoring of schoolroom activities and prep in twelvemonth 6 ; as the scholars are asked to measure whether they have understood the lesson at the terminal by doing a remark in their exercising books, the instructor can so measure whether the scholar feels they have made advancement, if non the work is gone through once more, if necessary with a one to one or in little groups. With prep the scholar is asked to work unaided and if they have trouble with any oppugning so they should go forth it clean and it will be covered once more when the whole category grade their prep together. This enables equal to peer appraisal and encourages positive feedback whether jobs arise or non. The usage of an rating trigon helps scholars ‘ ego evaluate and is besides used as a equal rating tool every bit good, this is used in composing where there are 5 ratings: is it easy to read and put out in paragraphs, is the script joined and legible, is at that place good usage of vocabulary and conjunctions, is it easy to understand and does it flux, eventually is it finished. The scholar so decides whether they need one side of the trigon ( no ) , two sides ( largely ) or three sides ( everything done ) , this is both a ocular and kinesthetic attack to measuring their work. Most of the instructors have been utilizing the APP attack for measuring scholars since fall 2009 ; but they all have different positions, some find it easier to integrate within their instruction manners ; others have found that they have had to accommodate the manner in which they teach in order to suit the APP scheme in. However, most instructors feel they have become more expert at judging where their scholars are and how they can assist them better their advancement in line with the Primary National Strategy ; particularly as they are larning to make this together instead than on their ain, collaborative moderateness helps tremendously. As portion of the execution of APP, Derbyshire County Council have asked the school for information on reexamining the leading and direction of alteration ( APP focal point ) and reexamining acquisition and instruction in lessons ( AfL focal point ) for both students and instructors. This information is set out in four columns with the undermentioned headers ; concentrating, developing, set uping and heightening, the caput instructor and the helper caput established the statements that the school, students and instructors were secure in and highlighted them suitably and punctually returned them. Some of these included: Most teaching staff ( including learning helpers ) understand the APP procedure, i.e. how it fits in with planning and mundane instruction and its possible to track kids ‘s advancement identify specific countries of underachievement and inform targeted intercession. Parents and carers are informed as to students ‘ advancement. Students are confident to take hazards by sharing partly formed thought or constructively ambitious others Pupils value talk for acquisition and consciously utilize it to progress their thought Lessons are planned to larning aims with some relevant undertakings and success standards as appropriate There are chances for structured whole-class, and supported group/paired treatment One of the KS1 instructors ‘ had already been utilizing APP in their old school and has been able to utilize APP without vacillation and has incorporated this for all of their category. This shows that as Sue Hackman ( 2009 ) , Chief Adviser on School Standards, points out APP is a straightforward attack to doing unafraid judgements about the criterion of students ‘ work and what they need to make next. Hackman ( 2009 ) besides states in the Making Good Progress, a Teachers Television programme that the authorities is acquiring what they want if all the schools kids are doing good advancement. By utilizing APP she besides thinks that it is the trademark of schools that make good advancement. The school has been able to give parent and carers priceless advice sing their kids ‘s advancement and parents and carers, in return have been able to give their kids support with any topics they possibly falling behind with. Termly information cusps are sent out to each kid by their instructors saying what their category will be larning in that peculiar term, this enables the parents and carers to hold an informed penetration into the specific undertakings that their kids are prosecuting with at any specific clip within the school twelvemonth. In the twelvemonth six category APP is an effectual support for the passage and transportation to secondary school and this is shared with parents and carers at their kid ‘s parents flushing, giving the marks set by the students themselves to assist them travel frontward to their chosen secondary schools, with which there is a close affair to guarantee they are good informed about what recent advancement they have made and the following stairss they are expected to do to travel frontward in their acquisition. This helps the continuity of the scholars ‘ patterned advance and to go on the high degrees of outlook both from the scholar and their parents and carers. Care needs to be taken when utilizing APP with kids from underachieving groups such as English as an extra linguistic communication ( EAL ) as the profiles of these scholars are more likely to be uneven and hence the scope of grounds should be much wider in order to do a periodic appraisal. Evaluation and Decision APP is in its babyhood within the school ; nevertheless those instructors who have been utilizing it as a method of appraisal have done so with an unfastened head. Most of the appraisal methods were in topographic point within AfL and the individualized acquisition ethos of the school was in topographic point already, so therefore it should non be excessively hard for the remainder of the staff to set about the APP attack. Equally long as all staff including instruction helpers are included in the preparation for this inspiring manner of measuring students ‘ advancement so there should be a smooth passage for the following measure when external moderateness takes topographic point. The biggest advantage of APP is it uses the national schemes which are already in topographic point, the pilot schools have trialled the attacks with success and found that APP is all that is required to do good appraisal judgements, as one KS 2 instructor provinces ; ‘Do n’t give up – one time you are used to the procedure the benefits for teaching method and pattern are clear ‘ . AfL and APP are inextricably linked to personalised larning whereby a instructor has a secure cognition of each scholars ‘ advancement and therefore can accurately orient their instruction methods to each scholar and their single demands, this is go oning in the school where the acquisition procedure is being monitored by the APP appraisals of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours learning. Therefore it has to be said that it is beef uping the periodic facet of appraisal and so the scholars ‘ receive formal acknowledgment of their accomplishments within the category and as a whole school when certifications and virtues are given out in assemblies. The effects of appraisal in general have to be ; that appraisal is an highly of import portion of instruction and acquisition. It can be carried out informally and officially utilizing a assortment of methods but depends on the type of scholar. The informations it produces is used for rating of instruction and acquisition and all members of staff should hold the appropriate preparation and apprehension of how the information is used and their functions and duties in instruction and measuring their scholars. Students so should be able to cognize their learning aims and what their success standards looks like, they are able to take ownership of their acquisition and can besides assist their equals to win. Parents and carers must be kept informed by appraising studies and parents eventides which provide them with the information about their kid ‘s advancement and the following stairss they need to take whether into the following category or even the following school. The kernel of appraisal so is that it is an built-in portion of readying, planning and learning with a good measured measure of enthusiasm, so everyone knows where they are, where they need to be and how they are traveling to acquire at that place. How to cite Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay, Essay examples

Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocumentref=HPKI Australian Greenhouse Calculator. (2016). Households and GHG emissions. Retrieved from https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/AGC/r_emissions.html#/! Carbon Independent. (2015). Home energy sources. Retrieved from https://www.carbonindependent.org/sources_home_energy.html Catholic Earthcare Australia. (2016). Introducing Catholic Earthcare Australia. Retrieved from https://catholicearthcare.org.au/ Clean Energy Finance Corporation. (2016). CEFC mission. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergyfinancecorp.com.au/about-us.aspx Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture. (2007). Policy recommendations for reducing energy consumption by the building sector. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan. COTAP. (2016). Per capita carbon emissions data by country. Retrieved from https://cotap.org/per-capita-carbon-co2-emissions-by-country/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd. (2014). Emissions metrics: Australias carbon footprint in the G20. Melbourne: Deloitte Australia. Department of Industry. (2016). Grant recipients energy efficiency information grants program. Retrieved from https://www.industry.gov.au/AboutUs/LegalandLegislativeReporting/Grants/EnergyEfficiency/Pages/EnergyEfficiencyInformation.aspx Ganandran et al. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of energy efficient lighting at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional. The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, article ID 745894. GreenPower. (2011). What is GreenPower? Retrieved from https://www.greenpower.gov.au/About-Us/What-Is-GreenPower/# OECD. (2008). Promoting sustainable consumption good practices in OECD countries. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. Pipkom Jodie. (2013). Carbon zero, carbon positive. Retrieved from https://yourhome.gov.au/housing/carbon-zero-carbon-positive Power Scorecard. (2000). Twenty things you can do to conserve energy. Retrieved from https://www.powerscorecard.org/reduce_energy.cfm Public Sector Commission. (2010). State government agencies supporting a greener WA. Retrieved from https://intersector.wa.gov.au/article/state-government-agencies-supporting-greener-wa The Australian Community Profile. (2016). Australia household size. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/australia/household-size The Commonwealth of Australia. (2008). Energy use in the Australian residential sector 1986-2020. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts. The National Academy of Sciences. (2016). How we use energy home work. Retrieved from https://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/home-work/ U.S. Department of Energy. (2016). Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy-use

Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocumentref=HPKI Australian Greenhouse Calculator. (2016). Households and GHG emissions. Retrieved from https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/AGC/r_emissions.html#/! Carbon Independent. (2015). Home energy sources. Retrieved from https://www.carbonindependent.org/sources_home_energy.html Catholic Earthcare Australia. (2016). Introducing Catholic Earthcare Australia. Retrieved from https://catholicearthcare.org.au/ Clean Energy Finance Corporation. (2016). CEFC mission. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergyfinancecorp.com.au/about-us.aspx Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture. (2007). Policy recommendations for reducing energy consumption by the building sector. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan. COTAP. (2016). Per capita carbon emissions data by country. Retrieved from https://cotap.org/per-capita-carbon-co2-emissions-by-country/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd. (2014). Emissions metrics: Australias carbon footprint in the G20. Melbourne: Deloitte Australia. Department of Industry. (2016). Grant recipients energy efficiency information grants program. Retrieved from https://www.industry.gov.au/AboutUs/LegalandLegislativeReporting/Grants/EnergyEfficiency/Pages/EnergyEfficiencyInformation.aspx Ganandran et al. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of energy efficient lighting at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional. The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, article ID 745894. GreenPower. (2011). What is GreenPower? Retrieved from https://www.greenpower.gov.au/About-Us/What-Is-GreenPower/# OECD. (2008). Promoting sustainable consumption good practices in OECD countries. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. Pipkom Jodie. (2013). Carbon zero, carbon positive. Retrieved from https://yourhome.gov.au/housing/carbon-zero-carbon-positive Power Scorecard. (2000). Twenty things you can do to conserve energy. Retrieved from https://www.powerscorecard.org/reduce_energy.cfm Public Sector Commission. (2010). State government agencies supporting a greener WA. Retrieved from https://intersector.wa.gov.au/article/state-government-agencies-supporting-greener-wa The Australian Community Profile. (2016). Australia household size. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/australia/household-size The Commonwealth of Australia. (2008). Energy use in the Australian residential sector 1986-2020. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts. The National Academy of Sciences. (2016). How we use energy home work. Retrieved from https://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/home-work/ U.S. Department of Energy. (2016). Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy-use

Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. 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