Markeing Managment Essay Example

Markeing Managment Paper Advertising Management Knowledge and Skills Tenth Edition J. Paul Peter University of Wisconsin-Madison James H. Donnelly, Jr. /University of Kentucky Me Graw Hill McGraw-Hill Irwin Contents SECTION 1 ESSENTIALS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT 1 Processing of Research Data 3 7 Preparation of the Research Report 38 Limitations of the Research Process 38 Marketing Information Systems Conclusion 41 40 PART An INTRODUCTION 3 Chapter 3 Consumer Behavior 42 Chapter 1 Strategic Planning and the Marketing Management Process 4 The Marketing Concept 4 What Is Marketing? What Is Strategic Planning? Social Influences on Consumer Decision Making 43 Culture and Subculture 43 Social Class 44 Reference Groups and Families 6 45 6 Strategic Planning and Marketing Management The Strategic Planning Process 7 The Complete Strategic Plan 16 Marketing Influences on Consumer Decision Making 45 Product Influences 45 Price Influences 45 Promotion Influences 46 Place Influences 46 20 The Marketing Management Process 1 6 Circumstance Analysis 16 * Marketing Planning 19 Implementation and Control of the Marketing Plan Marketing Information Systems and Marketing Research 21 Situational Influences on Consumer Decision Making 47 Psychological Influences on Consumer Decision Making 47 Product Knowledge 47 Product Involvement 48 The Strategic Plan, The Marketing Plan, and Other Functional Area Plans 21 Marketings Role in Cross-Functional Strategic Planning 21 Consumer Decision Making Need Recognition 49 †¢ Alternative Search 50 Alternative Evaluation 51 Purchase Decision 51 Postpurchase Evaluation 52 48 Conclusion 22 Appendix Portfolio Models 25 PART B MARKETING INFORMATION, RESEARCH, AND UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET MARKET 29 Chapter 2 Marketing Research: Process and Systems for Decision Making 30 The Role of Marketing Research 30 The Marketing Research Process 31 Purpose of the Research 31 Plan of the Research 32 Performance of the Research 37 xii Conclusion 54 Chapter 4 Business, Government, and Institutional Buying 55 Classes of Organizational Buyers Producers 55 Intermediaries 56 Government Agencies 56 Other Institutions 56 55 The Organizational Buying Process 56 Purchase-Type Influences on Organizational Buying 57 Straight Rebuy 57 Contents Modified Rebuy 57 New Task Purchase 5 7 xiii Structural Influences on Organizational Buying Purchasing Roles 58 Organization-Specific Factors 59 Purchasing Policies and Procedures 59 58 Chapter 7 New Product Planning and Development 98 New Product Strategy 99 New Product Planning and Development Process 101 We will compose a custom paper test on Markeing Managment explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Markeing Managment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Markeing Managment explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Social Influences on Organizational Buying Personal Motivations Role Perceptions 60 Stages in the Organizational Buying Process Organizational Need 63 Vendor Analysis 63 Purchase Activities 63 Postpurchase Evaluation 63 62 Idea Generation 101 Idea Screening 103 Project Planning 104 Product Development 105 Test Marketing 105 Commercialization 106 The Importance of Time 106 Some Important New Product Decisions Quality Level 107 Product Features 108 Product Design 108 Product Safety 109 107 Conclusion 65 Part 5 Market Segmentation 66 Delineate the Firms Current Situation 66 Determine Consumer Needs and Wants 67 Divide Markets on Relevant Dimensions 67 A Priori versus Post Hoc Segmentation 68 Relevance of Segmentation Dimensions 68 Bases for Segmentation 69 Causes of New Product Failure Needfor Research 109 Conclusion 111 Develop Product Positioning 75 Decide Segmentation Strategy 76 Design Marketing Mix Strategy 77 Conclusion 78 Chapter 8 Integrated Marketing Communications Strategic Goals of Marketing Communication Make Awareness 112 Build Positive Images 112 Identify Prospects 112 Build Channel Relationships Retain Customers 113 112 PARTC THE MARKETING MIX 79 Chapter 6 Product and Brand Strategy Basic Issues in Product Management Product Definition 80 Product Classification 81 Product Quality and Value 82 Product Mix and Product Line 83 Branding and Brand Equity 84 Packaging 88 113 The Promotion Mix 113 Integrated Marketing Communications 114 Advertising: Planning and Strategy 116 80 Objectives ofAdvertising 116 Advertising Decisions 16 The Expenditure Question 117 The Allocation Question 120 Sales Promotion 124 Product Life Cycle The Product Audit 90 93 Push versus Pull Marketing 124 Trade Sales Promotions 125 Consumer Promotions 126 What Sales Promotion Can and Cant Do 126 Product Adoption and Diffusion 93 95 Deletions 93 Product Improvement Organizing for Product Management Conclusion 97 95 Public Relations 128 Direct Marketing 128 Conclusion 129 Appendix Major Federal Agencies Involved in Control of Advertising 131 xiv Contents Chapter 9 Individual Selling, Relationship Building, and Sales Management 132 Importance of Personal Selling 132 The Sales Process 133 Objectives of the Sales Force 133 The Sales Relationship-Building Process 134 People Who Support the Sales Force 140 Managing the Sales and Relationship-Building Process 141 The Sales Management Task 141 Controlling the Sales Force 142 Motivating and Compensating Performance 146 Conclusion 146 Estimate Costs and Other Price Limitations 170 Analyze Profit Potential 171 Set Initial Price Structure 171 Change Price varying 172 Conclusion 172 PARTD MARKETING IN SPECIAL FIELDS 173 Chapter 12 The Marketing of Services 174 Important Characteristics of Services 176 Intangibility 176 Inseparability 177 Perishability and Fluctuating Demand 178 Client Relationship 178 Customer Effort 179 Uniformity 180 Providing Quality Services 180 Customer Satisfaction Measurement 182 The Importance of Internal Marketing 182 Overcoming the Obstacles in Service Marketing Limited View of Marketing 184 Limited Competition 184 Noncreative Management 185 No Obsolescence 185 The Service Challenge 186 Banking 186 Health Care 186 Insurance 187 Travel 187 Implications for Service Marketers 188 Conclusion 189 Section 10 Distribution Strategy 148 The Need for Marketing Intermediaries 148 Classification of Marketing Intermediaries and Functions 148 Channels of Distribution 150 Selecting Channels of Distribution 151 Specific Considerations 151 Managing a Channel of Distribution 154 Relationship Marketing in Channels 154 Vertical Marketing Systems 154 Wholesaling 157 Store and Nonstore Retailing 15 8 Store Retailing 158 Nonstore Retailing 159 Conclusion 162 184 Chapter 11 Pricing Strategy 63 Demand Influences on Pricing Decisions 163 Demographic Factors 163 Psychological Factors 163 Price Elasticity 164 Supply Influences on Pricing Decisions 165 Pricing Objectives 165 Cost Considerations in Pricing 165 Product Considerations in Pricing 167 Environmental Influences on Pricing Decisions Competition 168 Government Regulations 168 A General Pricing Model 169 Set Pricing Objectives 169 Evaluate Product-Price Relationships 169 Chapter 13 Global Marketing 190 The Competitive Advantage of Nations 191 Organizing for Global Marketing 192 Problems with Entering Foreign Markets 192 Organizing the Multinational Company 195 Programming for Global Marketing 197 Global Marketing Research 197 Global Product Strategy 200 Global Distribution Strategy 200 Global Pricing Strategy 201 Global Advertising and Sales Promotion Strategy 201 Entry and Growth Strategies for Global Marketing 202 Conclusion 205 168 Contents xv SECTION 2 ANALYZING MARKETING PROBLEMS AND CASES 207 A Case Analysis Framework 208 1. Break down and Record the Current Situation 209 2. Break down and Record Problems and Their Core Elements 213 3. Define, Evaluate, and Record Alternative Courses ofAction 214 4. Select and Record the Chosen Alternative and Implementation Details 215 Pitfalls to Avoid in Case Analysis 215 Communicating Case Analyses 218 The Written Report 218 The Oral Presentation 220 Conclusion 220 Exercise 7 238 Pricing Issues on the Internet 238 Exercise 8 238 Selecting the Internet as a Distribution Channel 238 Exercise 9 239 Internet Advertising 239 Exercise 10 239 The Adaptation of Services to the Internet 239 Exercise 11 240 Marketing Communications Techniques in the Internet Age 240 Web SOURCES OF MARKETING INFORMATION 241 Charles Heath: Eastern Kentucky University Corporate Web Sites 242 Search Engines and Directories 242 Government Sites 243 Business Publications 243 Newspapers 244 National Papers 244 Large City Papers 244 International Papers 245 Regional Papers 245 General Business Sites 245 Internet Marketing Reference Sites 246 Compilation Sites 246 SECTION 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING DECISIONS 221 Financial Analysis 222 Break-Even Analysis 222 Net Present Value Analysis 224 Ratio Analysis 226 Conclusion 230 Segment 4 INTERNET EXERCISES AND SOURCES OF MARKETING INFORMATION 231 PART An INTERNET EXERCISES 233 Charles Heath: Eastern Kentucky University Exercise 1 234 Corporate Web Sites 234 Exercise 2 234 Online versus Offline Retail Experiences 234 Exercise 3 235 Consumer Decision-Making Process 235 Exercise 4 236 Discovering Product Assortments Online 236 Exercise 5 236 Brand Equity on the Internet 236 Exercise 6 237 The Impact of Communities on Marketing 237 5 MARKETING MANAGEMENT CASES 247 MARKET OPPORTUNITY ANALYSIS 249 Case! McDonalds Corporation 250 I Paul Peter and Ashish Gokhale: University of Wisconsin-Madison Case 2 Southwest Airlines 2008 257 Andrew C. Inkpen: Thunderbird School of Global Management xvi Contents Case 3 South Delaware Coors, Inc. CASE GROUPC 271 PROMOTION STRATEGY 373 James E. Nelson and Eric J. Karson: University of Colorado Case 4 Ruths Chris: The High Stakes of International Expansion 280 Allen H. Kupetz and lion Alon: University of Western Ont

Practice in Using Commas and Semicolons Correctly

Practice in Using Commas and Semicolons Correctly This activity offers practice in applying the guidelines for utilizing commas and semicolons accurately. Before endeavoring the activity, you may think that its accommodating to survey these three pages: Rules for Using Commas EffectivelyHow to Use the SemicolonSemicolons, Colons, and Dashes All through the accompanying two sections, you will locate various void matched sections: [ ]. Supplant each arrangement of sections with a comma or a semicolon, remembering that the essential utilization of a semicolon is to isolate two fundamental provisos not joined by an organizing combination. At the point when you are done, contrast your work and the effectively punctuated renditions of the two sections on page two. Exercise: Pasta Pasta[ ] an enormous group of shaped[ ] dried wheat pastes[ ] is an essential staple in numerous nations. Its roots are dark. Rice glues were known right on time in China[ ] glues made of wheat were utilized in India and Arabia some time before they were brought into Europe in the eleventh or twelfth century. As indicated by legend[ ] Marco Polo carried a pasta formula with him from Asia in 1295. Pasta immediately turned into a significant component in the Italian diet[ ] and its utilization spread all through Europe. Pasta is produced using durum wheat flour[ ] which makes a strong[ ] versatile batter. Hard durum wheat has the most elevated wheat protein esteem. The flour is blended in with water[ ] plied to frame a thick paste[ ] and afterward constrained through punctured plates or bites the dust that shape it into one of in excess of 100 unique structures. The macaroni bite the dust is an empty cylinder with a steel pin in its center[ ] the spaghetti bite the dust comes up short on the steel pin and creates a strong chamber of glue. Strip pasta is made by compelling the glue through slim cuts in a die[ ] shells and other bended shapes are delivered with progressively many-sided kicks the bucket. The formed mixture is dried cautiously to diminish the dampness substance to around 12 percent[ ] and appropriately dried pasta should stay eatable uncertainly. Pastas can be shaded with spinach or beet juice. The expansion of egg delivers a richer[ ] yellower pasta that is normally made in noodle stru cture and is regularly sold undried. At the point when you are done, contrast your work and the effectively punctuated renditions of the two passages on page two. Here are the two sections that filled in as the model for the accentuation practice on page one. Unique Paragraphs: Pasta Pasta, a huge group of molded, dried wheat glues, is a fundamental staple in numerous nations. Its starting points are dark. Rice glues were known from the get-go in China; glues made of wheat were utilized in India and Arabia some time before they were brought into Europe in the eleventh or twelfth century. As per legend, Marco Polo carried a pasta formula with him from Asia in 1295. Pasta immediately turned into a significant component in the Italian eating regimen, and its utilization spread all through Europe. Pasta is produced using durum wheat flour, which makes a solid, flexible batter. Hard durum wheat has the most noteworthy wheat protein esteem. The flour is blended in with water, plied to frame a thick glue, and afterward constrained through punctured plates or kicks the bucket that shape it into one of in excess of 100 unique structures. The macaroni bite the dust is an empty cylinder with a steel pin in its middle; the spaghetti bite the dust comes up short on the steel pin and creates a strong chamber of glue. Strip pasta is made by driving the glue through slim cuts in a pass on; shells and other bended shapes are created with progressively unpredictable kicks the bucket. The formed batter is dried cautiously to lessen the dampness substance to around 12 percent, and appropriately dried pasta should stay consumable uncertainly. Pastas can be hued with spinach or beet juice. The expansion of egg delivers a more extravagant, yellower pasta that is normally made in noodle structure and is regularly sold undried.

How Much Parents Spend on Their Kids State by State

How Much Parents Spend on Their Kids State by State How Much Parents Spend on Their Kids State by State How Much Parents Spend on Their Kids State by StatePlus: how age, relationship status, and education level affect parental spending habits.As Mother’s Day approaches (it’s on Sunday, May 13th, in case you’ve forgotten), kids around the country are scrambling to find an acceptable gift for mom. After all, shes spent thousands of dollars on her little rugrats over the years, is it too much to ask for them to drop some cash for some nice flowers or brunch, or at the VERY least, put together an inspired macaroni portrait as a token of their undying appreciation?To honor the financial burden of motherhoodâ€"and fatherhoodâ€"we wanted to know just how much money parents were actually spending on their little bundles of joy. So we surveyed more than 1,000 moms and dads from all 50 states and asked them to tell us how much cash they drop on their kids every year. Guys, it turns out that having children is, like, really expensive?? Who knew!Just how expensive?  Across all 50 states, our data found that the average parent spends $9,470 every year on each of their kids, but those numbers can change pretty dramatically depending on where you live. For example, parents in Washington DC spend the most, dropping a hefty $17,920.50 (!!) on each kid annually, while parents in Montana spend the least, at only $2,000 per year.Thats only scratching the surface of what we found! To learn more, check out our awesome infographic below (click to expand) and then keep scrolling for even more tasty tidbits.(click image to expand)But what about the epic battle of mom versus dad? Well, um, here’s where things get a little awkward. See, we initially put this whole thing together to celebrate Mother’s Day, but our research found that it’s actually dads who spend more on their kids per year. According to our survey results, the typical American dad spends about $9,486 annually per kid, while the typical American mom spends just $8,789.  Its not much of a difference, and it can pr obably be explained by the fact that men, on average, make more money than women. (Or that moms are better are better at budgeting! Take that, DAD!) But still,  here’s a fun idea: Bring up this statistic to your mom during Mother’s Day brunch. Just make sure that you remember to duck when she chucks a waffle at your head.Meanwhile, we also looked at married versus single parents, with single dads out spending single moms by over $3,200 per year: $11,998 to $8,781. On the whole, married parents only spend $8,838 annually per kid, less than single, separated, and divorced parents. Younger parents, between the ages of 18 and 34 spend more on their kids than older parents (which makes sense, cuz babies are pricey).Parental spending in all 50 states (and Washington DC) ranked.We broke our survey results down state by state. Below you can see all 50 states and Washington DC ranked from the highest parental spender to the lowest.StateAverage SpendWashington DC$17,921North Carolina$17,6 66Iowa$17,200New Jersey$16,649New Hampshire$14,150New York$13,399Michigan$13,303North Dakota$13,000Illinois$12,404Nevada$12,333Pennsylvania$11,847Arizona$11,518Vermont$10,595Nebraska$10,371California$10,197Delaware$9,746Massachusetts$9,688Maryland$9,627Connecticut$9,608Florida$8,361South Carolina$8,250Ohio$7,615Texas$7,159Kentucky$7,092Georgia$6,921Rhode Island$6,800Maine$6,577Mississippi$6,571Tennessee$6,413Oregon$6,300Virginia$6,226Missouri$5,707New Mexico$5,240Alaska$5,000Kansas$4,800Minnesota$4,754Washington$4,618Indiana$4,543Colorado$4,340Wyoming$4,333Wisconsin$4,246Alabama$4,021Utah$4,014South Dakota$3,867West Virginia$3,320Arkansas$3,290Hawaii$3,000Louisiana$2,868Idaho$2,383Oklahoma$2,019Montana$2,000North vs. South. No, we’re not talking about the whole United States. We’re talking about North Carolina and North Dakota versus South Carolina and South Dakota.North Carolina parents are the second highest spenders ($17,666) and North Dakotans are the eighth highest ($13,000 ). And both spend over $9,000 more than their southern counterparts. South Carolina parents spend $8,250 and South Dakota parents spending only $3,867, ranking 44th.Basically, if you’re a kid living in South Dakota or South Carolina, do everything in your power to get your parents to move north. Before you know it, theyll be showering you with cash.We also broke the results down by region. To see exactly which states we counted in each region, check out the infographic above!RegionAverage SpendMidwest$9,337Northeast$11,723South$8,106West$8,192Why does the Northeast spend so much more? We’re not entirely sure, but that has never stopped us from speculating wildly. The Northeast is a fairly expensive region of the country, so maybe that $11,723 is really the same as $8,000 once you adjust for incomes and cost of living.Or maybe it’s because New Englanders are legally required to send their children to ornate, expensive boarding schools covered in parapets and ivy and gargoyles w here they play lacrosse and stand on their desks in poetry class and (checks book of “New England Stereotypes”) eat a lot of Dunkin Donuts?Parental spending by age group, education level, and relationship status.We did more than ask people about where they live; we also asked them their age, how much education theyve received, and whether they are married, divorced, etc. These questions all unearthed interesting trends.Age GroupAverage Spend18-24$10,05625-34$10,33735-44$8,82445-54$8,31254+$5,669Parental spending by age is the most straightforward. Younger parents who responded to the survey, ages 18-35, spend more than middle-aged parents, ages 35-54, who spend quite a bit more than parents aged 54 or up.This makes a lot of sense. Younger parents are pretty much guaranteed to have younger children, who cost more to keep alive and happy than older kids. Meanwhile, parents aged 54 and up are much more likely to have children who are grown adults. At that point, their kids should b e spending money on them!Relationship StatusAverage SpendDivorced$9,232Living with partner$9,830Married$8,368Separated$12,417Single$10,173Widowed$2,088The financial hardship of single parenting. Respondents who are married spend less per kid ($8,368) than pretty much any other groupâ€"with the notable exception of widowed respondents, who spend way less.Parents who are divorced spend almost $1,000 per year more per kid ($9,232) than married parents, while parents who are single ($10,173) or are unmarried but living with their partner ($9,830) spend $1,500-$2,000 more than their married counterparts.Meanwhile, parents who are separated but not divorced spend almost $4,000 than married parents, at $12,417 per year.All in all, this data points to two-parent households spending less on their kids per partner than split or single parent homes. A two-person parenting unit means that the financial burden doesn’t all fall on one person.Education LevelAverage SpendHigh school$9,065Bachelor s$11,604Postgraduate$9,332Is that graduate degree really worth it? It probably doesn’t surprise you to see that respondents with bachelor’s degrees had a higher rate of parental spending than respondents with only high school degrees. But what’s going on with parents rocking postgraduate degrees?  Their per-child spending is only a few hundred dollars more than parents with just a high school diploma. We can’t be sure, but the high cost of student debt and the dodgy job prospects for some post-grads point to fewer available funds.Maybe that graduate degree you’ve been considering isn’t worth the high costs? It’s worth thinking about. So is having kids, for that matter. If you’re considering starting a family in the near future, really sit down and figure out the costs of raising a child. In other words, get ready to kiss all your disposable income goodbye.Oh, and if this post hasn’t convinced you already, make sure you buy your mom something nice for Mother’s day . Look at how much moms are spending on their kids. You owe her. If you’re a parent, we’d love to know how much you spend on your kids! You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

How Tattooing Is Well As The Modern Techniques Of Tattooing

PROCESS OF TATTOOING This essay will explore the history of tattooing as well as the modern techniques of tattooing. 5 types of tattoos: †¢Medical tattoos †¢Traumatic tattoos †¢Professional tattoos †¢Cosmetic tattoos †¢Amateur tattoos Have you ever wondered why you have heard of tattoos hurting or experienced the tattoo process? Have you ever wondered how or why tattooing began? Well in this essay I hope to get you these answers and more. My Reasoning After 11 years as a Tattoo Artist I decided to figure out when tattooing first started and the first tattooing process. I want to talk about the approximate time tattooing started and the process during that time up until the present process. After graduating high school, I felt I should take up a trade that was becoming a trend. I knew I was a quick learner and I also knew I was extremely interested in art. Tattooing has been something that has been in my life since the age of 16 and from there on I was hooked. I have learned many tricks of this trade and have mastered few. I loved every minute of my learning process of tattooing, even the mistakes that were made. The process was intriguing to me mostly because I was into blood, gore, pain and art. In selecting this particular trade I have been influenced by the way the process was carried out. I was particularly looking forward to learning how the ink is transferred to the skin. HISTORY OF TATTOOING Tattooing began roughly over 5000 years ago and it’s as diverse as the peopleShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech On Tattoos1286 Words   |  6 Pages Tattooing is a body modification practice used for centuries across the globe. Because of the multiple origins of tattoos, there are several techniques and countless styles. Every tattoo is unique in meaning to the person that receives it, though often they can fit into generalized categories. Tattoos have fallen in and out of popularity over the course of history, though they have never and most likely will never disappear. II. Specific Purpose and Need to Know: According to WrittenRead More Stigma of Tattoos in Modern Times Essay1906 Words   |  8 PagesModern Times Stigma: As a tattooed person, I can attest that stigma and prejudice are still alive and well in the new millennium, even in a liberal outpost like Massachusetts. Whether its a stare, look, comment or something more serious, like denial of service or hassling from law enforcement, cultural stigma is still a factor for those seeking tattoos. Much of this is clearly rooted in the history of tattooing in the U.S. (see below) but there are other possible sources for these attitudesRead MoreTattoos And Its Effect On Society Essay2019 Words   |  9 Pagesreasons why it can not be appreciated as for how it should be. However, modern society reflects the current popularity of tattooing because it has acquired an entirely artistic meaning to a social expression and a way of identity. Personally, I believe that tattoos are a form of expression and don t affect human’s personality. Despite the growing popularity of tattoos in the 21st century, society still has prejudices about this form of body art. Tattooing has been part of the culture and identityRead MoreWhat Makes A Tattoo?1825 Words   |  8 Pagesinmates, and biker gang members, but not many average Joes yet. Over time tattooing has become more and more popular. A Harris poll in 2012 found that 1 out of every 5 adults has at least one tattoo. An earlier Pew Research Center study found that the number was 2 out of 5 among those ages 18 to 29, and that number is quickly rising. Roe said â€Å"Thomas Alva Edison is often referred to as the father of the modern electric tattoo machine†. In 1875 there had yet to be a use for this newRead MoreSamoan Tataus and My Culture1875 Words   |  8 Pages and the word tatau originates from the tapping sounds of the tool made during tattooing† (U.S National Park). The origins of the Samoan tatau have been passed down orally through legends and songs, back in the olden days. According to legend, the Samoan Tatau was introduced to the Samoa Islands by two Siamese twin sisters, Taema and Tilafaiga traveling back from Fiji transporting a basket with them full of tattooing tools. â€Å"The sisters in this story were actually demigods,† (Lei’a’Arp, Lillian)Read More Tattoos, Body Piercings, and Other Body Modifications Essay2748 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"The colors and pictures we apply to our skin communicate our values and aspirations as well as our hopes and persona l histories. Even when we adopt the â€Å"natural look† and dont adorn our skin at all, we are making a social statement. Our skin talks even when we dont; it is not a neutral canvas.† (Jablonski, 164) We as a species are obsessed with our appearance and are equally preoccupied with altering it to our own varied desires. Each person wants nothing less than perfection, but each hasRead MorePsychology of a Tattoo2298 Words   |  10 Pagesdone too deeply, into the Subcutaneous layer they often loose clarity as the inner layers also don’t hold the ink, absorbing it instead of shedding it off. Once the ink reaches the Dermis the bond it makes is permanent. Here are some examples of how permanent a Tattoo really is. In 1991, a five thousand year old tattooed man, an â€Å"Ice man† made the headlines of newspapers all over the world when his frozen body was discovered on a mountain between Austria and Italy. To this day a betterRead MoreContraband in Prison3832 Words   |  16 Pagesbasic human needs. Inmates have become some of the most notoriously ingenious visionaries in the modern world. From smuggling components into a facility to creating weapons made from paper, these individuals are constantly finding new ways to exploit the system to their benefit. Though there is seemingly an infinite amount of different types of contraband, the most commonplace items seized are drugs, tattooing equipment, electronics, and weapons. Contraband, as defined by US Legal, refers to propertyRead MoreEssay about Film Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema1365 Words   |  6 PagesFilm Noirs Effect on Modern Cinema High heels click on wet pavement, shady detectives stand in the shadows, shots ring out through the cold, dark city night-just another moment in film noir. These seedy, almost underground films are considered to be some of the best and most influential pictures in the history of Hollywood by anyones standards, most certainly some of the darkest. Even though the glory days of film noir have long passed and given way to big budget productions, their influenceRead MoreTechnology in Ancient Egypt1554 Words   |  7 Pagescomputers, iPhones and skyscrapers. Yet it is rather interesting that our perceptions are limited in the time period that we ourselves live in. Of course there was ancient Egyptian technology, and some of it is rather obvious, but our modern perceptions might prevent us from seeing it. One of the great wonders of the ancient world is the pyramids. The pyramids are huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest constructions by humans. Pyramids

Religion And Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, And...

Religion serves many purposes in life for all individuals including the need of one to explain the world through factors relating to solace, emotional behaviors and healing; a community’s social cohesion and control through rituals; as well as economic adaptation of various sects. Consequently, since the onset of life on earth and the evolution of religion, dietary practices often correlate with various religious practices. Many religious customs and laws extend from the early apprehensions involved with economic needs as well as health and safety regarding the consumption of certain foods or liquids. These issues resulted from the lack of preservation and purification techniques for foods and liquids and the concern of the scholars, usually the religious, in connection to health promotion, disease prevention, and illness (Waibel, n.d.). However, the views of the past diminish with the advent of electricity and our understanding of new and evolving preservative methods. Moreover, many religious sects associate dietary and food preparation practices with rituals involving aspects of their faith that are now long standing practices from their past history. These practices include venues such as abstinence and fasting. Abstinence, which prohibits individuals from consuming certain foods or drinks, takes many forms such as totally restricting the consumption of specific items to limiting the consumption these foods and drinks to certain holy days, while still other religiousShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nurses Promoting Mental Health1102 Words   |  5 PagesPromoting Mental Health Introduction The World Health Organization defines health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† and that the â€Å"enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.† (World Health Organization. 2006) As nurses, health and health promotion are fundamentalRead MoreThe American Nurses Association ( Ana ) And The Health Ministries Association Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The American Nurses Association (ANA) and the Health Ministries Association (HMA) have described Faith Community Nursing (FCN) as a form of a specialized nursing practice carried out by a nurse within a faith community (American Nurses Association Health Ministries Association, 2012). 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The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse would continue with health promotion centred on the variances in health traditions between the three cultures. 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ThoseRead MoreHeritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health1326 Words   |  6 PagesOF DIFFERENT Heritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health Micaela Simon Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion 429V Melanie Escobar RN MSN August 31, 2012 Heritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of different Cultures and Individual Views of Health The Heritage Assessment Tool can be used as as a reliable tool to assess, health maintenance, protection and restoration of individual cultural beliefs. This evaluation helps meet

Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay Free Essays

string(83) " continuity enabling schools to guarantee acquisition is taking topographic point\." The appraisal of students ‘ advancement has been modified slightly since it was introduced by Black ‘s ( 1987 ) study with the National Curriculum Task Group on Assessment and Testing ; which was set up as portion of the readyings of what became the 1988 Education Reform Act. The act brought in the appraisal agreements for the terminal of the 4 cardinal phases, at the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16 severally. It was decided that merely the nucleus topics of the national course of study should be assessed at the first cardinal phase and ‘at subsequent key phases it should be in all the foundation topics ( the nucleus subjects plus art, geographics, history, music, physical instruction, engineering, a modern foreign linguistic communication at the last two phases, and Welsh in non-Welsh speech production schools in Wales ) p. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 40. Kyriacou ( 2007 ) provinces, the debut of the National Curriculum in 1989 were coupled with associated processs for supervising students ‘ advancement affecting the usage of centrally produced trials. These trials so gave an indicant of both students ‘ public presentation and that of the schools nationally. The course of study was so looked at once more in 1993 by the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority ‘s president Sir Ron Dearing, who was asked to ‘†¦review the course of study with a position to ‘slimming down ‘ the course of study, simplifying its appraisal arrangements†¦ ‘ p.45 The 1997 Education Act saw the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority replaced by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority ( QCA ) which is still in topographic point today. The appraisal of larning at the terminal of KS 1,2 and 3 is now a combination of instructor appraisals and terminal of cardinal phase standardized national trials, SATs, although in 2009 the terminal of KS3 trials were abolished ; and scientific discipline at KS2 is merely to being used in some pilot schools for 2010. In 2005 the Labour Government ‘s Schools White Paper committed support for every kid in giving them personalised instruction and acquisition ; by seting kids and their demands foremost, giving support to do good advancement and go forthing no kid left behind in their instruction. This study will look at the modern-day issues of Assessment for Learning ( AfL ) and its new spouse ; Assessing Pupils ‘ Progress ( APP ) and their usage within the constitution ( primary school ) and how or whether it has impacted on the manner appraisal is carried out across the board. Why Assess? Appraisal is highly of import as it shows how students are come oning and carried out with thorough processs can be of important value to instructors and the students they teach. It checks that larning has taken topographic point. There are many different methods of appraisals these include ; treatments, questionnaires, tests, presentations, function drama, observations, written work, practical work and inquiring. Using appraisals can assist instructors and scholars reflect on their pattern and how their scholars are larning. Assessment helps instructors make up one’s mind how they teach, utilizing different learning methods to guarantee that all scholars are proactive. Cowley ( 2004 ) stated that good appraisal would assist the instructor proctor the scholars ‘ advancement and program for future instruction and acquisition. Assessment encourages scholars ‘ motive and they can have feedback ( both instructor and equal ) on their advancement. Teachers ‘ can utilize a scope of assessment methods to look into students ‘ advancement. Obviously appraisal does non come easy, instructors ‘ work load can be increased greatly ; both when transporting out the appraisals and so holding to tag them. There can be unneeded force per unit area put on to the scholars ‘ , and sometimes when measuring a scholar it depends how they are experiencing at the point of appraisal on how good they do. In 2006 the new Primary National Strategy for literacy and mathematics gave two chief intents of appraisal, summational appraisal of acquisition and formative appraisal for acquisition ; which the new model aimed to cover. This scheme gave instructors counsel on facets of appraisal for larning which was linked straight with counsel on planning and gave a broader and stronger pedagogic attack. Appraisal for Learning ( AfL ) Scheme Harmonizing to the Assessment Reform Group ( 2002 ) , ‘Assessment for acquisition is the procedure of seeking and construing grounds for usage by scholars and their instructors to make up one’s mind where the scholars are in their acquisition, where they need to travel and how best to acquire at that place ‘ . AfL has been used for a figure of old ages and has given instructors ‘ ways in which themselves and students can utilize assessment activities to derive a clearer apprehension of the acquisition that has taken topographic point to day of the month and how students ‘ hereafter acquisition can outdo advancement ( Gardner, 2006 ) . AfL is closely linked to the authorities ‘s Every Child Matters ( 2004 ) where every kid should be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, do a positive part and accomplish societal and economical wellbeing ; and personalised acquisition, both ethos ‘ have featured to a great extent within a scope of DCSF policies throughout the last decennary. The purposes of the AfL scheme are clear ; they should embrace every kid, instructor, school and parent/carer so that every kid knows how they are making. Every instructor is able to do judgements on students ‘ attainment, advancement and how to send on program when students are non carry throughing their possible. Every school should hold good placed structured and regular appraisals and tracking schemes in topographic point and every parent and carer should cognize how their kid is come oning and when they need to better ; they can assist back up their kid and the instructor. The benefits of AfL is its powerful manner of raising students ‘ accomplishment, if students ‘ understand how they learn, where they have spreads in their acquisition and how they can shut these spreads so it will hold a positive consequence on every kid. Harmonizing to the authorities, good appraisal for larning makes: accurate, carnival, dependable, utile, and focused continuity enabling schools to guarantee acquisition is taking topographic point. You read "Learning And Assessing Pupils Progress Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Therefore instructors, schools and parents and carers all need to cognize where their kids are now, where they need to be and what they are required to make to acquire at that place. The four elements for AfL so are aims, oppugning, unwritten and written feedback and ego and peer appraisal. The aims are met by utilizing oppugning in order to look into scholars ‘ have achieved aims, equal and self appraisal helps scholars to recognize what successful work looks like and the instructor shows good unwritten feedback so that scholars ‘ develop their ain accomplishments in this country, giving them clip to reflect on their acquisition and taking ownership of their work. Measuring Pupils Progress – What is APP? Measuring Pupils Progress, otherwise known as APP was originally piloted by 104 schools in 12 local governments utilizing, ab initio, Key Stage 2, as a new structured attack to teacher appraisal for doing judgements on students reading, composing and mathematics. Developed by the QCA in concurrence with the National Strategies, get downing in fall 2006 with recommendations reported in 2008/09. It has since been adopted as the manner to officially measure students within schools throughout the state, to assist instructors measure their students as more of a forensic attack, to run aboard Assessment for larning ( AfL ) . Harmonizing to the QCA it helps instructors to polish their apprehension of scholars ‘ demands and to orient their planning and learning consequently. The QCA has provided APP stuffs for instructors to implement the attack and with these guidelines instructors are able to set up where students are within the National Curriculum degrees. Hence one Year 5 instructor stated, ‘APP has helped me to go more cognizant of the appraisal opportunities that exist and more secure in measuring students ‘ degrees of attainment ‘ . When APP was introduced there were steps given to schools to assist implement the system and possible early theoretical accounts were advised demoing the benefits and more significantly their restrictions of usage. For illustration, one option was to place a whole school sample, for case all pupils antecedently assessed at a peculiar degree, the benefits of this would be a clear focal point, ab initio little graduated table and hence manageable, nevertheless this would non be implemented with a whole category and other degrees may non be covered. The affectional usage of APP was besides shown to supply information for tracking students ‘ advancement in item, placing barriers to achievement and to guarantee outlooks were linked to the national schemes. The APP stuffs for instructors to utilize include a enchiridion to assist implement the attack, give guidelines for measuring students ‘ work, supplying a simple format for entering the appraisal standards and focal points for appraisal within the specific topic. There are besides standard files which hold students ‘ work, which have been annotated, so that instructors become consistent in their judgements sing national course of study degrees, these files show different degrees of attainment. Assessment Focus ( AF ) grids are provided to demo how focal points are used, for illustration in reading appraisal AF3 shows that the student should be able to ‘deduce, deduce or construe information, events or thoughts from texts ‘ . In utilizing APP it was hoped that instructors ‘ would go more informed on how their scholars ‘ are come oning and that they would hold a aggregation of appraisal accomplishments in order to do good judgements in the schoolroom. Harmonizing to the AfL and APP clip line instructors in KS2 should be get downing to utilize the APP procedure so they can do periodic appraisals of all kids by fall 2009. The clip line for the execution of APP started in summer 2008 when school and capable leading were expected to make a ego – rating of AfL and APP in preparedness of its execution and to see what degree of support was required. This so moved to them having preparation in the usage of APP by fall 2008 and to hold developed the procedure of standardization in school with a average term go oning professional development ( CPD ) program to guarantee that whole school development of AfL and APP where in topographic point and that instructors would get down to utilize the APP stuffs. By spring 2009, instructors in KS2 should get down utilizing the APP procedure and others were doing effectual usage of the Primary Framework and assessment information to better their planning for patterned advance ; in fall 2009 it was expected that KS2 instructors were utilizing the APP procedure to do periodic appraisals for all kids. APP appraisals were more likely to hold truth when a scope of grounds is collected by instructors from each kid that has been chosen, both written and unwritten grounds would profit the procedure and periodic reappraisal of their work should be collected and merely those with important grounds demand be used. The usage and impact of AfL and APP within the scene AfL has been used since it was foremost introduced and the school has now taken the APP attack on board since the fall term 2009 as a new attack to measuring. The schools appraisal policy is undergoing alteration at the present clip so as to integrate the new appraisal schemes. Derbyshire County Council provided of import support preparation for caput instructors in 2008 demoing a power point presentation which included doing links within AfL and APP, demoing APP in action within numeracy and literacy and stoping with a reappraisal and appropriate action planning. This session provided counsel and advice about implementing APP and to back up an apprehension of APP. At this point the APP scheme was extremely recommended but non statutory. The preparation included the advancement docket of APP, demoing the patterned advance marks as 2 degrees advancement, the doing good advancement pilot strategy, AfL utilizing APP standards, patterned advance tutoring and individual degree proving. It besides applied the beef uping for formative appraisal, concentrating on each scholar ‘s acquisition, accelerated rates of accomplishment ( concentrating particularly on those at hazard of underperforming ) and assisting to clear up the acquisition journey. The National Strategies model informations where shown to assist with thoughts of how to bring forth a criterions file. An first-class illustration for Ma2 Number at degrees 3 and 4 showed how the usage of different coloring material highlighters for each term were used demoing when a specific degree was low, secure or high and annotated in the countries where it was felt there was either more work to be done or how far they were away achieving the degree. In the school it has enhanced instructors ‘ apprehension of inquiring whether the larning aims they ask of the kids are relevant to them, do they understand what they are supposed to accomplish by the terminal of the lesson and is it in kid friendly linguistic communication? There has to be meaningful duologue between the instructor and scholar with respect to the larning nonsubjective otherwise the scholar will withdraw and non be able to come on with what they are supposed to larn, this has been monitored throughout the scene. The appraisal focuses that were discussed were reading, composing, utilizing and using, figure, form, infinite and steps ; and managing informations. The National Strategies AF grid was introduced and this lead to the school bring forthing accessible degrees for reading, composing and numeracy from degree 1to degree 5, so instructors could mention to each with a position to associating the degrees and appraisal demands as applicable. The APP procedure started in earnest in fall 2009 ; when samples of scholars ( 6 ) were chosen from each twelvemonth group. Each term instructors review the full scope of grounds ( written, spoken and observed ) for each appraisal focal point. They select the appropriate degree boundary and arrive at judgements utilizing the assessment guidelines sheet ; they annotate illustrations of scholars work as mention points and benchmarks. After making this in-school standardization and moderateness is carried out with co-workers. The deductions of APP within the school have helped with the professional development of instructors ; it has had an impact on capable cognition, the course of study and teaching method, it has given instructors the ability to feedback to scholars and their parents/carers so that they can see where they have progressed or how they need to come on farther. It has helped instructors to do good judgements sing their scholars and how to guarantee that they progress wit hin the course of study overall, it has helped them to distinguish scholars ‘ advancement so they can orient lessons suitably. APP has enabled better monitoring of schoolroom activities and prep in twelvemonth 6 ; as the scholars are asked to measure whether they have understood the lesson at the terminal by doing a remark in their exercising books, the instructor can so measure whether the scholar feels they have made advancement, if non the work is gone through once more, if necessary with a one to one or in little groups. With prep the scholar is asked to work unaided and if they have trouble with any oppugning so they should go forth it clean and it will be covered once more when the whole category grade their prep together. This enables equal to peer appraisal and encourages positive feedback whether jobs arise or non. The usage of an rating trigon helps scholars ‘ ego evaluate and is besides used as a equal rating tool every bit good, this is used in composing where there are 5 ratings: is it easy to read and put out in paragraphs, is the script joined and legible, is at that place good usage of vocabulary and conjunctions, is it easy to understand and does it flux, eventually is it finished. The scholar so decides whether they need one side of the trigon ( no ) , two sides ( largely ) or three sides ( everything done ) , this is both a ocular and kinesthetic attack to measuring their work. Most of the instructors have been utilizing the APP attack for measuring scholars since fall 2009 ; but they all have different positions, some find it easier to integrate within their instruction manners ; others have found that they have had to accommodate the manner in which they teach in order to suit the APP scheme in. However, most instructors feel they have become more expert at judging where their scholars are and how they can assist them better their advancement in line with the Primary National Strategy ; particularly as they are larning to make this together instead than on their ain, collaborative moderateness helps tremendously. As portion of the execution of APP, Derbyshire County Council have asked the school for information on reexamining the leading and direction of alteration ( APP focal point ) and reexamining acquisition and instruction in lessons ( AfL focal point ) for both students and instructors. This information is set out in four columns with the undermentioned headers ; concentrating, developing, set uping and heightening, the caput instructor and the helper caput established the statements that the school, students and instructors were secure in and highlighted them suitably and punctually returned them. Some of these included: Most teaching staff ( including learning helpers ) understand the APP procedure, i.e. how it fits in with planning and mundane instruction and its possible to track kids ‘s advancement identify specific countries of underachievement and inform targeted intercession. Parents and carers are informed as to students ‘ advancement. Students are confident to take hazards by sharing partly formed thought or constructively ambitious others Pupils value talk for acquisition and consciously utilize it to progress their thought Lessons are planned to larning aims with some relevant undertakings and success standards as appropriate There are chances for structured whole-class, and supported group/paired treatment One of the KS1 instructors ‘ had already been utilizing APP in their old school and has been able to utilize APP without vacillation and has incorporated this for all of their category. This shows that as Sue Hackman ( 2009 ) , Chief Adviser on School Standards, points out APP is a straightforward attack to doing unafraid judgements about the criterion of students ‘ work and what they need to make next. Hackman ( 2009 ) besides states in the Making Good Progress, a Teachers Television programme that the authorities is acquiring what they want if all the schools kids are doing good advancement. By utilizing APP she besides thinks that it is the trademark of schools that make good advancement. The school has been able to give parent and carers priceless advice sing their kids ‘s advancement and parents and carers, in return have been able to give their kids support with any topics they possibly falling behind with. Termly information cusps are sent out to each kid by their instructors saying what their category will be larning in that peculiar term, this enables the parents and carers to hold an informed penetration into the specific undertakings that their kids are prosecuting with at any specific clip within the school twelvemonth. In the twelvemonth six category APP is an effectual support for the passage and transportation to secondary school and this is shared with parents and carers at their kid ‘s parents flushing, giving the marks set by the students themselves to assist them travel frontward to their chosen secondary schools, with which there is a close affair to guarantee they are good informed about what recent advancement they have made and the following stairss they are expected to do to travel frontward in their acquisition. This helps the continuity of the scholars ‘ patterned advance and to go on the high degrees of outlook both from the scholar and their parents and carers. Care needs to be taken when utilizing APP with kids from underachieving groups such as English as an extra linguistic communication ( EAL ) as the profiles of these scholars are more likely to be uneven and hence the scope of grounds should be much wider in order to do a periodic appraisal. Evaluation and Decision APP is in its babyhood within the school ; nevertheless those instructors who have been utilizing it as a method of appraisal have done so with an unfastened head. Most of the appraisal methods were in topographic point within AfL and the individualized acquisition ethos of the school was in topographic point already, so therefore it should non be excessively hard for the remainder of the staff to set about the APP attack. Equally long as all staff including instruction helpers are included in the preparation for this inspiring manner of measuring students ‘ advancement so there should be a smooth passage for the following measure when external moderateness takes topographic point. The biggest advantage of APP is it uses the national schemes which are already in topographic point, the pilot schools have trialled the attacks with success and found that APP is all that is required to do good appraisal judgements, as one KS 2 instructor provinces ; ‘Do n’t give up – one time you are used to the procedure the benefits for teaching method and pattern are clear ‘ . AfL and APP are inextricably linked to personalised larning whereby a instructor has a secure cognition of each scholars ‘ advancement and therefore can accurately orient their instruction methods to each scholar and their single demands, this is go oning in the school where the acquisition procedure is being monitored by the APP appraisals of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours learning. Therefore it has to be said that it is beef uping the periodic facet of appraisal and so the scholars ‘ receive formal acknowledgment of their accomplishments within the category and as a whole school when certifications and virtues are given out in assemblies. The effects of appraisal in general have to be ; that appraisal is an highly of import portion of instruction and acquisition. It can be carried out informally and officially utilizing a assortment of methods but depends on the type of scholar. The informations it produces is used for rating of instruction and acquisition and all members of staff should hold the appropriate preparation and apprehension of how the information is used and their functions and duties in instruction and measuring their scholars. Students so should be able to cognize their learning aims and what their success standards looks like, they are able to take ownership of their acquisition and can besides assist their equals to win. Parents and carers must be kept informed by appraising studies and parents eventides which provide them with the information about their kid ‘s advancement and the following stairss they need to take whether into the following category or even the following school. The kernel of appraisal so is that it is an built-in portion of readying, planning and learning with a good measured measure of enthusiasm, so everyone knows where they are, where they need to be and how they are traveling to acquire at that place. 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Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. 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