Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocumentref=HPKI Australian Greenhouse Calculator. (2016). Households and GHG emissions. Retrieved from https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/AGC/r_emissions.html#/! Carbon Independent. (2015). Home energy sources. Retrieved from https://www.carbonindependent.org/sources_home_energy.html Catholic Earthcare Australia. (2016). Introducing Catholic Earthcare Australia. Retrieved from https://catholicearthcare.org.au/ Clean Energy Finance Corporation. (2016). CEFC mission. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergyfinancecorp.com.au/about-us.aspx Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture. (2007). Policy recommendations for reducing energy consumption by the building sector. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan. COTAP. (2016). Per capita carbon emissions data by country. Retrieved from https://cotap.org/per-capita-carbon-co2-emissions-by-country/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd. (2014). Emissions metrics: Australias carbon footprint in the G20. Melbourne: Deloitte Australia. Department of Industry. (2016). Grant recipients energy efficiency information grants program. Retrieved from https://www.industry.gov.au/AboutUs/LegalandLegislativeReporting/Grants/EnergyEfficiency/Pages/EnergyEfficiencyInformation.aspx Ganandran et al. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of energy efficient lighting at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional. The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, article ID 745894. GreenPower. (2011). What is GreenPower? Retrieved from https://www.greenpower.gov.au/About-Us/What-Is-GreenPower/# OECD. (2008). Promoting sustainable consumption good practices in OECD countries. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. Pipkom Jodie. (2013). Carbon zero, carbon positive. Retrieved from https://yourhome.gov.au/housing/carbon-zero-carbon-positive Power Scorecard. (2000). Twenty things you can do to conserve energy. Retrieved from https://www.powerscorecard.org/reduce_energy.cfm Public Sector Commission. (2010). State government agencies supporting a greener WA. Retrieved from https://intersector.wa.gov.au/article/state-government-agencies-supporting-greener-wa The Australian Community Profile. (2016). Australia household size. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/australia/household-size The Commonwealth of Australia. (2008). Energy use in the Australian residential sector 1986-2020. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts. The National Academy of Sciences. (2016). How we use energy home work. Retrieved from https://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/home-work/ U.S. Department of Energy. (2016). Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy-use

Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocumentref=HPKI Australian Greenhouse Calculator. (2016). Households and GHG emissions. Retrieved from https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/AGC/r_emissions.html#/! Carbon Independent. (2015). Home energy sources. Retrieved from https://www.carbonindependent.org/sources_home_energy.html Catholic Earthcare Australia. (2016). Introducing Catholic Earthcare Australia. Retrieved from https://catholicearthcare.org.au/ Clean Energy Finance Corporation. (2016). CEFC mission. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergyfinancecorp.com.au/about-us.aspx Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture. (2007). Policy recommendations for reducing energy consumption by the building sector. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan. COTAP. (2016). Per capita carbon emissions data by country. Retrieved from https://cotap.org/per-capita-carbon-co2-emissions-by-country/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd. (2014). Emissions metrics: Australias carbon footprint in the G20. Melbourne: Deloitte Australia. Department of Industry. (2016). Grant recipients energy efficiency information grants program. Retrieved from https://www.industry.gov.au/AboutUs/LegalandLegislativeReporting/Grants/EnergyEfficiency/Pages/EnergyEfficiencyInformation.aspx Ganandran et al. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of energy efficient lighting at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional. The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, article ID 745894. GreenPower. (2011). What is GreenPower? Retrieved from https://www.greenpower.gov.au/About-Us/What-Is-GreenPower/# OECD. (2008). Promoting sustainable consumption good practices in OECD countries. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. Pipkom Jodie. (2013). Carbon zero, carbon positive. Retrieved from https://yourhome.gov.au/housing/carbon-zero-carbon-positive Power Scorecard. (2000). Twenty things you can do to conserve energy. Retrieved from https://www.powerscorecard.org/reduce_energy.cfm Public Sector Commission. (2010). State government agencies supporting a greener WA. Retrieved from https://intersector.wa.gov.au/article/state-government-agencies-supporting-greener-wa The Australian Community Profile. (2016). Australia household size. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/australia/household-size The Commonwealth of Australia. (2008). Energy use in the Australian residential sector 1986-2020. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts. The National Academy of Sciences. (2016). How we use energy home work. Retrieved from https://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/home-work/ U.S. Department of Energy. (2016). Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy-use

Energy Efficiency Report Policy Recommendations

Question: Describe about the Energy Efficiency Report for Policy Recommendations. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of this report is to explore different energy uses at home and measures that can be taken to reduce energy consumption. The report contains different aspects of household energy consumption, including energy uses, energy use products, energy sources, Australian organizations promoting efficient energy use, soft tools used to reduce energy use, opportunities/options to reduce energy use, cost benefit analysis of some of these options, and selection of the best option. Completing this report equips the student with vast knowledge and skills on how energy is consumed at home and what can be done to reduce the amount of energy consumed. 1. Selection of place The selected place where data for this assignment will be collected is a home. A home is a very familiar place thus making it easier to analyze energy consumption. Every person knows different items or activities that consume energy at home. This is because they use these items or do the activities almost on daily basis. It is therefore easier to analyze energy efficiency at home. Most of the energy at home is used for cooking, heating and cooling, lighting, washing, refrigeration, and running electrical appliances. This report has analyzed all these elements and identified the best ways of reducing total household energy consumption. Saving energy not only reduces energy bills but also reduces demand for burning fossil fuels, which lowers carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore reducing energy consumption at home is a positive contribution towards fighting climate change (mainly global warming). Energy efficiency also boosts the economy, improves the environment, enhances national security, and improves quality of life. a) Energy uses There are numerous means by which a home uses energy. These include: lighting or illuminating the spaces; maintaining comfortable room temperature (air conditioning); heating and cooling water; cooking; washing; running and/or charging electrical appliances, such as computers, refrigerators, microwave oven, mobiles, television, iron box, etc. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2008). All these uses are the ones that contribute to the total energy consumed at home. b) Energy use products The amount of energy used and total cost of the energy for various uses at home are as shown in Table 1 below. The total energy consumed at homes largely depends on the efficiency of the equipment or appliance (The National Academy of Sciences, 2016). Table 1: Estimation of cost of energy used per month Use and/or appliance Wattage (W) Hours used everyday Days used every month Monthly energy consumption (kWh) Utility rate ($ per kWh) Total cost per month ($) Microwave oven 1500 4 30 180 0.12 21.6 Plasma TV 300 6 30 54 0.12 6.48 CD player 7 4 30 0.84 0.12 0.10 Router 6 3 30 0.54 0.12 0.06 Water heater 4500 4 30 540 0.12 64.8 Space heater 1320 3.5 30 138.6 0.12 16.63 Iron box 1100 1 15 16.5 0.12 1.98 Dishwasher 330 1 30 9.9 0.12 1.19 Desktop computer 75 3 30 6.75 0.12 0.81 Ceiling fan 35 3 30 3.15 0.12 0.38 Total 950.28 kWh $114.03 Microwave oven: wattage = [(1500Wx 4 hrs. x 30)/ 1000] x $0.12/kWh = $21.6 It is important to calculate the total amount of energy used at home because it helps the consumer to know the amount of money being spent on electricity (U.S. Department of Energy, 2016). For example, from the information contained in Table 1 above, the consumer now knows that the biggest consumer of energy at his home is the water heater. This means that finding an alternative water heater that is more efficient will save him a significant amount of money. The consumer can reduce his energy consumption by purchasing the right appliances. This means choosing energy efficient appliances/systems and which suit his needs. This may include going for ENERGY STAR certified appliances. As discussed by Pipkom (2013), some of the alternatives for various home energy uses are as shown in Table 2 below Table 2: Energy saving alternatives Energy use Alternative Heating and cooling Improve rating of house energy by at least 3 stars Lighting Replace lighting fixtures with energy efficient lighting such as LCD Cooking Increase energy efficiency by use of induction Water heating Shift to solar heating water system Other electrical appliances Reduce use and improve energy efficiency by at least 3 stars c) Sources of energy The main source of energy for Australian homes is electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels. This has considerable impacts on the environment. It is estimated that about 99% of Australian homes use electricity, which is usually generated from fossil fuels (Australian Bureau of Statistics2, 2010). Other sources of energy for Australian homes are natural gas, coal, wood and solar. Assuming that 99% of the total household energy consumption is from electricity and the rest is shared equally among other sources. The amount of carbon emissions is as shown in Table 3 below Table 3: Estimation of carbon emissions in kg Energy source % of total energy Monthly energy consumption in kWh Carbon emission factor (kg per kWh) Total carbon in kg Electricity 99% 940.78 0.527 495.79 Coal 0.25% 2.375 0.510 1.21 Natural gas 0.25% 2.375 0.185 0.44 Wood 0.25% 2.375 0.016 0.04 Solar 0.25% 2.375 Negligible 0 Total 497.48 The values of carbon emission factors used were those provided by Carbon Independent (2015). Therefore it means that the household generates 497.48 kg of carbon emissions every month. The current population of Australia is about 24.26 million people (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The average household size is about 2.6 people per family (Australian Community Profile, 2016). Using these estimates, it means that there are about 9.33 million households. Assuming that 497.48 kg is the average amount of carbon emissions in each Australian households, it means that the total carbon emissions from all households in one month is: = 9.33 x 106 households x 497.48 kg per household = 4.6415 x 109 kg of carbon emissions. These are large quantities of carbon emissions per month, considering that they come from households only. The emissions have huge environmental impacts, particularly climate change. Some of the specific impacts include: changing rainfall patterns, elongated warm nights and hot days, reduced snow cover, increased rate of evapotranspiration, increased occurrence of drought, increased fire risks, rising sea level, etc. (Australian Bureau of Statistics1, 2010). d) Australian organizations that promote energy efficiency Australia is one of the countries with the highest per capita carbon emissions (COTAP, 2016). However, total carbon emissions of Australia per GDP unit are relatively low especially in relation to those of other G20 countries (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd, 2014). Households in the country are said to produce at least 20% of the total greenhouse gases (Australian Greenhouse Calculator, 2016). All these emissions have negative impacts on Australias economy, environment, ecosystems and human health. As a result, there are several government and non-government agencies that are making efforts to promote energy efficiency in the country. Some of these include the following: Australian Energy Storage Council (ESC) this is an NGO that promotes development of Australias energy storage solutions. Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) this is an organization established to develop and promote cleaner energy solutions in Australia (Clean Energy Finance Corporation, 2016). Catholic Earthcare Australia this is an ecological organization representing Australias Catholic Church (Catholic Earthcare Australia, 2016). The organization promotes energy efficiency through national networks, environmental research and education, transformation and advocacy. They have initiatives such as Global Catholic Climate Movement, National Energy Efficiency Network, and ASSISI, through which they create awareness among people on how they can conserve the environment by using energy efficient appliances and methods at their homes and businesses. Water Corporation, Synergy and Swan River Trust these are the main public sector sponsors of a program called Great Gardens. They promote energy efficiency by holding workshops to teach people tips on how to reduce water and energy consumption in their household (Public Sector Commission, 2010). Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) this is an organization that was formed to offer renewable energy solutions that are affordable to the entire Australian population. The organization promotes and finances projects aimed at increasing use of renewable energy and reduction of energy costs (ARENA, 2016). GreenPower this is a government sponsored program that helps Australian businesses and households to replace their existing energy consumption with renewable energy (GreenPower, 2011). e) Soft tools used to reduce energy consumption There are numerous soft tools that are being used in Australia to reduce energy consumption. These tools are targeting energy consumers in different sectors including domestic, industrial, transport, agricultural, construction, etc. Some of these tools include the following: i) Regulatory tools Some of these tools include mandatory energy labels and energy efficiency standards. The Australian government has developed energy efficiency standards that require all energy products (including motor vehicles and electrical appliances) being manufactured in the country or imported from other countries to meet certain energy efficiency standards. This has led to promotion of use of energy-efficient products which targets at reducing overall energy consumption in the country. The government has also made it mandatory for manufacturers to attach energy efficiency rating labels on all energy products. These labels indicate the products level of energy consumption. The labels have helped consumers to choose products that consume less energy (OECD, 2008). ii) Social tools They include public communications campaigns and education. Communications campaigns are used by the government for sharing information with all citizens on how they can reduce energy consumption in their homes. The government also partners with private business owners to conduct countrywide campaigns and give special offers ton energy efficient household products. The focus of Australian Federal Ministry of Education has been to include sustainable consumption education in the curriculum. This will ensure that the whole country understands the benefits of sustainable consumption and knows how to select energy efficient products. Both the government and on-governmental organizations have also been focusing on educating people how to change their lifestyles and embrace modern energy efficiency technologies such as house insulation, building small houses, using sustainable building materials, etc. (Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2007) iii) Financial tools These tools include charges taxes, and incentives subsidies. The government plays a role in influencing behaviors of consumers through raising prices on products that are not energy efficient. This has changed purchasing patterns of consumers because they are now choosing energy efficient products, which reduces energy consumption. The government is also using incentives and subsidies to encourage households to use energy efficient products. For example, the government provides financial support to individuals or organizations that are developing or implementing projects aimed at reducing energy consumption in Australia. Such tools include energy efficiency grants offered by Australias Department of Industry (Department of Industry, 2016). Households also receive financial incentives and subsidies for energy efficient investments, such as windows, heating systems, insulation, etc. iv) Marketing tools These include corporate reporting, advertising and public procurement. It has become a legal obligation for companies to include information on energy efficiency in their annual report. The government ensures that the information given is true and promotes energy efficiency. Commercial advertising channels such as radio and television commercials, magazines, flyers and billboards are also being used to promote household energy efficiency. Trade Practices Act 1974 (TPA) and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission have established guidelines on how commercial advertising should be done regarding sustainability. The government has also adopted green procurement practices as a way of promoting manufacturing and use of energy efficient domestic appliances, including lighting, dryers and washers, conditioners, ovens and heating systems. f) Opportunities to decrease energy consumption There are multiple ways of reducing household energy consumption. These include: replace devices (such as heating and cooling equipment, electronics and appliances) with energy efficient ones, use of timer switches, programmed switches, manual switching off, off-peak power usage, locate and repair/seal cracks or air leaks, replace inefficient bulbs with more efficient ones (such as compact fluorescents (CFLs), energy-saving incandescent and light emitting diodes (LEDs)), insulate your ceilings and walls, install modern windows (such as double-glazed windows), use of alternative energy. The two options selected for improvement are: purchase energy efficient devices to replace existing ones, and using energy efficient lighting bulbs and/or fixtures. But the first step towards reducing energy consumption at home is to perform an energy audit so as to know how much energy is being consumed (Power Scorecard, 2000). g) Cost benefit analysis i) Purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances This may seem an expensive option but in the long run, it is very economical. Compare different models of devices and check their Energy Star labels so as to understand how much energy you will be saving. It is very important to focus on the long term benefits of these devices instead of the purchasing budget. It is also important to check whether there is any subsidy program or offers for energy-efficient devices. Energy consumption by these devices can also be reduced further by reducing the frequency of using these devices, changing the devices settings so that they can consume less energy, and unplugging the devices when not in use. ii) Energy efficient lighting This should start by analyzing the type and number of lighting systems in the home. All incandescent lighting systems should then be replaced with LED systems, which are energy efficient. The total cost of the system, including purchase price, installation, operation and maintenance costs have to be considered. There are different types of LEDs so it is important to determine the payback period for each LED system and select the one that has the shortest time. Another option is to use a combination of LEDs and CFLs. Generally, LEDs and CFLs are energy efficient and therefore will reduce energy costs. These bulbs are also durable hence they may be a one-time investment that brings endless returns (Ganandran et al., 2014). This is a good option of reducing household energy consumption considering todays low prices of energy efficient bulbs. h) Best option The best option is purchasing energy efficient electronics and appliances. This is because the devices consume a very large amount of total household energy consumption. Adopting this option means that most of the items in the home will consume less energy, which results into significant savings. References ARENA. (2016). About ARENA. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/about-arena/ Australian Bureau of Statistics1. (2010). Australias environment: issues and trends. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4613.0Feature+Article1Jan+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics2. (2010). Energy in focus: energy use in Australian homes. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4614.0.55.001Main+Features2Mar+2010 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Population clock. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Web+Pages/Population+Clock?opendocumentref=HPKI Australian Greenhouse Calculator. (2016). Households and GHG emissions. Retrieved from https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/AGC/r_emissions.html#/! Carbon Independent. (2015). Home energy sources. Retrieved from https://www.carbonindependent.org/sources_home_energy.html Catholic Earthcare Australia. (2016). Introducing Catholic Earthcare Australia. Retrieved from https://catholicearthcare.org.au/ Clean Energy Finance Corporation. (2016). CEFC mission. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergyfinancecorp.com.au/about-us.aspx Committee on Civil Engineering and Architecture. (2007). Policy recommendations for reducing energy consumption by the building sector. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan. COTAP. (2016). Per capita carbon emissions data by country. Retrieved from https://cotap.org/per-capita-carbon-co2-emissions-by-country/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Pty Ltd. (2014). Emissions metrics: Australias carbon footprint in the G20. Melbourne: Deloitte Australia. Department of Industry. (2016). Grant recipients energy efficiency information grants program. Retrieved from https://www.industry.gov.au/AboutUs/LegalandLegislativeReporting/Grants/EnergyEfficiency/Pages/EnergyEfficiencyInformation.aspx Ganandran et al. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of energy efficient lighting at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional. The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, article ID 745894. GreenPower. (2011). What is GreenPower? Retrieved from https://www.greenpower.gov.au/About-Us/What-Is-GreenPower/# OECD. (2008). Promoting sustainable consumption good practices in OECD countries. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. Pipkom Jodie. (2013). Carbon zero, carbon positive. Retrieved from https://yourhome.gov.au/housing/carbon-zero-carbon-positive Power Scorecard. (2000). Twenty things you can do to conserve energy. Retrieved from https://www.powerscorecard.org/reduce_energy.cfm Public Sector Commission. (2010). State government agencies supporting a greener WA. Retrieved from https://intersector.wa.gov.au/article/state-government-agencies-supporting-greener-wa The Australian Community Profile. (2016). Australia household size. Retrieved from https://profile.id.com.au/australia/household-size The Commonwealth of Australia. (2008). Energy use in the Australian residential sector 1986-2020. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts. The National Academy of Sciences. (2016). How we use energy home work. Retrieved from https://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy-use/home-work/ U.S. Department of Energy. (2016). Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy-use

Monetary Policy Easier does it

Book Review Culture, Literacy, and Learning Taking Bloom in the Midst of the Whirlwind by Carol D. Lee

Book Review Culture, Literacy, and Learning Taking Bloom in the Midst of the Whirlwind by Carol D. Lee Introduction In this book, Carol Lee brings into play her experience as a participant viewer to offer an exceptional and detailed opinion of both planning and employing a cultural receptive strategy to enhance learning and teaching in a particular subject.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review: Culture, Literacy, and Learning: Taking Bloom in the Midst of the Whirlwind by Carol D. Lee specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through clear reports from real classrooms, Lee explains how AAVE helps students motivate themselves and learn. She describes the way students respond to improved scheme and the way teachers modify the cultural background of the language or English arts program. As the book emphasizes on literacy of African-American students, Lee assesses the role of culture in supporting learning. She provides approaches of changing cultural knowledge to support the issue, particularly the educational learni ng. Lee argues that attainment gap to some extent is affected by the restrictions of knowledge based on hypotheses which enlighten decisions concerning pedagogy, curriculum, evaluation, teacher qualification and situations which teachers follow while working. In this book, Lee reports on her three-year program while teaching students how to respond to literature at Fairgate High School; she states that teachers can achieve their targets if they realize the discourse, practices, and content of their field. Teachers will also succeed if they have precise understanding regarding the cognition, language, incentive, culture, and social certainties of urban learners. Cultural Modeling The approach which the author employed is based on her practices on cultural modeling, which serves as a learning plan to facilitate solving the issue in learning institutions. This helps both learners and teachers discuss the differences between the school-based and community-based standards. For example, A frican American learners are supported to generate clearly their understanding and responses of their cultures which are used outside the school. Their knowledge and answers are then implemented in the sphere of educational learning. In this manner, learners are offered support to create their culture applicable in the school environment and classrooms. They use certain languages to address the problem-solving lessons which help them create links between what they have done and what they are expected to perform with school based issues. When teachers and students assess the function of satire in literary understanding, cultural modeling contains outlines of this issue which students practice daily using oral traditions, songs, television, and film. Students create clear approaches of distinguishing satire set up in music lyrics, film, and television.Advertising Looking for book review on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They may keep on looking for satire in African canonical performances and in non-African, American canonical performances which help them improve their knowledge. Another issue for students is to distinguish the functions of symbolism in literary reasoning. Lee starts with students examining closely the cultural relics of their daily practices, such as hip hop lyrics, hip hop records, etc., observing and intuitively interpreting the difficult views in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Most influential are the transcripts which are there in classrooms. These disclose discussion of student and teacher in interpretive reasoning articulated in AAEV. They also reveal daily language used by students, method of thinking, and significance of complex text applied in classrooms. Lee, in her book, describes the readers a classroom where animated discussions concerning the significance of satire and symbols prosper are aroused, and students experience a great desire to express their understanding openly. Correcting the Way Students Talk Lee persists that teachers can attain better outcomes and success if they only appreciate the strength of instructional talk derived of the standards of AAEV. They should put more focus on supporting students reasoning in a perspective of literary rather than correcting the manner they are used to communicate. Lee chooses not to correct students when they are responding to literature and states that they should feel that their views are well-considered and taken into account. She argues that selecting a student who will speak should not be regulated by the teacher. Lee continues to state that teachers should have both the content and educational understanding, and these two issues needed for the effective teaching are both valuable and compound. The teacher in this situation should be able to teach using various approaches which will help students struggling against literary problems. Lee argues that teachers should be aware of what students understand and value. Teachers should hear and respond to a wide range of students’ debatable questions with proper understanding. Additionally, Lee shows some important pedagogical understanding including some abilities, such as possibility to evaluate what students know and do not know. Other abilities include understanding several ways to capitalize learning and the way to know developmental progression. Lee considers that teachers should enter modern reading areas susceptible to the usual range of social and developmental issues displayed by students who are identified as incompetent. She considers that this is a requirement which almost all learning institutions or schools disregard.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review: Culture, Literacy, and Learning: Taking Bloom in the Midst of the Whirlwind by Carol D. Lee specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lee specifies her instructional c hoices in many examples in her book. She uses Taquisha’s conflict to discuss this issue. Taquisha seems to be reading a newspaper instead of attending to Sax Cantor Riff. This is evident when Taquisha questions the function of the film in their study programs. Lee mentions that she employs her understanding of adolescent growth as a basis for managing the conflicts which Taquisha have. Lee also states that she uses her knowledge of Taquisha as an individual African American communication experiences to reconstruct the condition. Moreover, she offers the readers and students six guidelines for teaching which clearly create a precise reasoning to difficult theme or issue as well as provides interesting instances. Her example is re-voicing learners’ expressions to guide students to huge plans within the area under discussion. Lee favors responsibility but is uncertain of problematic evaluations which are not genuine and rigorous in corrective reading at the resultant stag e. Hence, these do not bring about students to find out ways to participate in very complex and analytical reasoning concerning the theme. In chapter seven, Lee offers instances of the post and pre evaluations of literary learning, and I hope Lee will add example of students’ essay. This could portray the language of literary reasoning. Several books and journals are used by teachers so that they can improve the students’ language through the application of literature and culture. Lee’s book can be recommended since it addresses this issue. The book begins with an issue concerning literacy, culture and learning, then it suggests values of student’s culture and understanding in the service of attaining educational success. Lee proposes that achievements in urban schools are not easy for the teachers to gain and need plainly a profound understanding of the theme of the book, language, language socialization and the way students learn. They should also under stand the process of the children and teenagers maturation. Teachers should improve their teaching skills and knowledge used in urban schools.

Current Australian Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Australian Issues - Essay Example They try to persuade the computer novices, who barely have any idea of their computer system and are alarmed by such calls and due to their limited knowledge are inclined towards believing on such scams. The technician asks the consumer to log on to a third party website for the purpose of remote access troubleshooting to the consumer’s PC. The telemarketers go to such extents that they claim they belong to reputed computer organizations such as â€Å"Microsoft† and â€Å"Windows†. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) are looking forward into investigating towards this matter and warning the consumers to remain attentive about such scams (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission). The calls come at all odd times of the day, due to the fact that the telemarketers are not from Australia. A new trend in the type of PC-related scam calls have been observed, in which the caller falsely claims to belong to some foreign government, or from the consumer’s bank and they try to convince the consumers to recover their money that they have lost in previous scams, in return for a moderate fee. This is again a fraud and the consumer ends up paying more money, without any retrieval. PC scam calls are just one genre of the telemarketing abuse. Retrieving consumer’s personal identification details also helps these scammers to provide language-specific calls. The consumer is dealt with the telemarketer of the same foreign language, in the hope of optimized persuasion strategies. Lately consumers have complained of calls by telemarketers for enrolling their kids in tuition centers for specific subjects. Another genre of scam calls relate to the religious preferences of the consumers. Consumers have been asked to join religious centers that preach certain beliefs. The idea behind these telemarketers is to scrape out as much money as they can from the consumers, by stealing their identification details, in order to

Marketing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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